Finding the best vitamin K2 supplement is crucial for overall health and wellness. As people become more aware of the benefits of vitamins and minerals, vitamin K2 has gained attention for its essential role in promoting bone density and cardiovascular health. In 2025, numerous options are available, but selecting the most effective product can be daunting. In this article, we will explore the top 10 vitamin K2 supplements available on Amazon, to help you make an informed choice.
- Full Spectrum K2 Supplement with both essential forms of K2 MK4 and MK7 in a balanced ratio designed to promote healthy bones arteries and brain function by supporting calcium transport into bones instead of soft tissues
- Easily Absorbed with bioactive TRANS forms of vitamin K2 MK7 and MK4 that are easily absorbed by your body for maximum benefits
- Powerful Vitamin MK4 supports normal cognitive health with MK4 vitamin K2 an essential nutrient naturally found in the brain fetus and breast milk known to support brain function and a developing fetus
- Third-Party Tested with all batches of our K2 vitamins undergoing rigorous third-party testing for purity potency and freshness and encapsulated tested and bottled in a cGMP certified facility in California for quality and reliability
- We Care About You with our plant-based K2 vitamin being easy to swallow allergen friendly and backed by exceptional customer service We prioritize your health and strive to provide high-quality vitamin K2 supplements that support your overall wellbeing
- STRONG SUPPORT FOR A STRONGER YOU: Vitamin K2 is one of the biggest supporters of bone and cardiovascular health. This micronutrient is essential in moving calcium out of your bloodstream and into your bones, helping you build bone density and cardiovascular health.*
- ONE-A-DAY FORMULA: Just one easy-to-swallow vegan softgel provides 100mcg of Vitamin K2 as Menaquinone-7 (MK7) - the most bioavailable form of K2. This micronutrient is essential in moving calcium out of your bloodstream and into your bones, providing strong support for a stronger you.
- PLANT BASED INGREDIENTS: Instead of sourcing our Vitamin K2 from soy like other brands, we source our K-2 from only fermented chickpeas and encapsulate it in our trademark, carrageenan-free PlantGel softgel. NOTE: Our K2 softgels now contain a UV-protecting color barrier to help shield the K2 from light degradation.
- COCONUT MCT OIL: K2 delivers the best benefits when taken with food or another source of fat, which is why we add the quality fats found in coconut MCT oil to our vegan softgels to help ensure you get the most from your K2 supplement. *
- SUPERIOR QUALITY: We hold all of our supplements to a higher standard. Our K2 vitamin supplement is Vegan Certified, Non-GMO Project Verified, and free of unwanted fillers, carrageenan, gluten, and soy. Each batch is third-party tested for quality and manufactured in the USA in a cGMP-compliant facility.
- Heart & arterial health — Numerous studies show that vitamin K supports heart and arterial health, with higher vitamin K2 intake being correlated with a healthy cardiovascular system.
- Helps maintain calcium balance — Vitamin K helps you incorporate calcium into your bones. As a part of maintaining “calcium balance”, this process helps keep calcium out of your arteries.
- Vitamin K1 + two forms of K2 — It’s hard to get enough vitamin K from your diet. Super K provides vitamin K1 and two forms of bioavailable K2 to help you get enough daily vitamin K!
- Ingredients matter – We use the finest raw ingredients chosen for quality and purity. The majority of our products are non-GMO, gluten-free and manufactured in the USA with globally sourced ingredients, and a Certificate of Analysis is available for each.
- Live your healthiest life - We believe the answers to a healthier life are within reach, and that scientific research is the key to getting us there. That’s why so many of our formulas feature specific ingredients and amounts based on scientific studies.
- Bone support supplement: contains one 30 count bottle of Nature Made Vitamin K2 100 mcg Softgels for a 30-day supply
- These Nature Made Vitamin K2 softgels help support healthy bones
- This K2 Vitamin supplement also works with the calcium in your body to support healthy bones
- Adults, take one Vit K softgel daily with water and a meal
- Sourced from high-quality ingredients, these gluten free Vitamin K2 MK7 supplements contain no synthetic dyes and no artificial flavors
- VITAMIN D3 WITH K2– Our vitamin K2 and D3 with magnesium supplement is made up of 5000 IU of vitamin D3 and 50 mcg of vitamin K2. It also includes a unique blend of vitamin B6, zinc, magnesium, MCT oil, and ox bile you won't find in other formulas – Includes a 60-day supply.
- SMART SYNERGY – Our D3 + K2 vitamin supplement goes beyond the typical combo. Formulated with vitamin D3 with MK‑7 vitamin K2, it includes essential cofactors like magnesium, B6, and zinc to help your body absorb, activate, and properly use vitamin D. It’s not just what you take—it’s what your body can use.
- ENHANCED ABSORPTION - Our powerful K2 D3 vitamin supplement contains fat-soluble vitamins that require dietary fat for proper absorption. MCT powder, a healthy fat source, enhances the bioavailability of vitamin D with K2, allowing your body to absorb and utilize these essential nutrients more efficiently.
- FORMULATED IN THE USA – Our vitamin D3 + K2 is thoughtfully developed in the United States and made in cGMP-certified facilities under strict quality standards. Crafted with care in every D3 K2 vitamin 5000 IU batch to ensure purity, potency, and consistency you can trust.
- Try for 30 days: If you are unhappy with this product, reach out to us within 30 days of your purchase date and we will take care of you.
- HEALTHY BONE & JOINT - Vitamin K is a family of fat-soluble vitamins with similar structures, but different metabolic properties. Vitamin K2 is absorbed more completely, remains in the body longer and delivers more benefits for bones, blood vessels and other soft tissues.*
- WITH MENAQ7 - Doctor's Best Vitamin K2 contains pure MENAQ7. MenaQ7 is purified from fermented chickpeas which are naturally rich in vitamin K2. Vitamin K2 - MenaQ7 provides the most bioavailable form of Vitamin K to support strong bones and soft tissue elasticity.*
- SUPERIOR VITAMIN K - The superior form of vitamin K for optimum bioavailability and delivery to the body. Vitamin K2 belongs to the group of vitamin K compounds called “menaquinones” which demonstrate greater bioactivity when compared to vitamin K1 (the ordinary form of supplemental vitamin K).*
- BEST CALCIUM ABSORPTION - Natural Vitamin K2 helps support blood vessels and bone health by helping your body’s absorption of calcium. Once calcium is absorbed from the bloodstream, it lessens the chance of calcification and directs calcium to your bones.*
- TRUSTED AND PURE - 45mcg Vitamin K2 Mk-7 with MenaQ7 each serving. Vegan GMO-Free, Gluten-Free and Soy-Free.
- HEALTHY BONE & JOINT - Vitamin K is a family of fat-soluble vitamins with similar structures, but different metabolic properties. Vitamin K2 is absorbed more completely, remains in the body longer and delivers more benefits for bones, blood vessels and other soft tissues.*
- WITH MENAQ7 - Doctor's Best Vitamin K2 contains pure MENAQ7. MenaQ7 is purified from fermented chickpeas which are naturally rich in vitamin K2. Vitamin K2 - MenaQ7 provides the most bioavailable form of Vitamin K to support strong bones and soft tissue elasticity.*
- SUPERIOR VITAMIN K - The superior form of vitamin K for optimum bioavailability and delivery to the body. Vitamin K2 belongs to the group of vitamin K compounds called “menaquinones” which demonstrate greater bioactivity when compared to vitamin K1 (the ordinary form of supplemental vitamin K).*
- BEST CALCIUM ABSORPTION - Natural Vitamin K2 helps support blood vessels and bone health by helping your body’s absorption of calcium. Once calcium is absorbed from the bloodstream, it lessens the chance of calcification and directs calcium to your bones.*
- TRUSTED AND PURE - 100 mcg Vitamin K2 Mk-7 with MenaQ7 each serving. Vegan GMO-Free, Gluten-Free and Soy-Free.
- The Perfect Pair: Vitamins K2 & D3 were simply meant to be together. Most people know the benefits of Vitamin D, but many don’t realize that Vitamin D NEEDS Vitamin K2 to maximize it’s benefits.
- Strong Bones: This formula not only promotes the proper absorption of calcium with D3, but the correct distribution to your bones where you need it most.
- Superior Quality Capsules: Laboratory tested, NON-GMO, GLUTEN FREE, & SOY FREE. All Bronson products are tested in our state-of-the-art facility in New York.
- Trusted Since 1960: The pioneers of Bronson Vitamins were a group of pharmacists who witnessed the benefits of vitamins and mineral supplementation firsthand with their patients. Bronson Vitamins have been consistently mentioned by top medical professionals since our inception in 1960.
- Vitamin K2 MK-7 (Menaquinone-7) is the only active ingredient
- 240 Servings of Vitamin K in Every Bottle
- Softgels, Non-GMO, and Gluten Free
- 100mcg of Vitamin K2 in every serving - 1 Serving: Just 1 Softgel
- Made in a GMP Compliant, FDA Registered Facility
Understanding Vitamin K2
Before diving into our top 10 picks, it’s essential to understand what vitamin K2 is and why it’s beneficial. Vitamin K2 is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in calcium metabolism, helping to ensure that calcium is deposited in the bones and teeth rather than in the arteries. This makes it vital for maintaining bone health and cardiovascular function.
Buying Guide: How to Choose the Best Vitamin K2 Supplement
When it comes to choosing the best vitamin K2 supplement, there are several factors to consider:
1. Type of Vitamin K2
Vitamin K2 comes in several forms, primarily MK-4 and MK-7. MK-4 is a shorter-chain form that is absorbed quickly, while MK-7 is longer-lasting and has a better affinity for bone tissue. Most studies suggest that MK-7 might be more effective for long-term benefits, so look for this form if you want the best results.
2. Dosage
The effective dosage of vitamin K2 can vary, but it’s generally recommended that adults take between 90 to 200 micrograms daily. Always check the label to ensure you’re getting adequate amounts.
3. Additional Ingredients
Some vitamin K2 supplements include additional nutrients like vitamin D3 and calcium, which can enhance the effectiveness of the supplement. If you are looking for a multi-benefit product, consider those that combine these vitamins.
4. Quality and Source
Look for supplements that are third-party tested for purity and potency. Products that are derived from natural sources, such as fermented foods, may offer additional benefits. Organic certifications and clear labeling can also provide assurance regarding quality.
5. User Reviews
Consumer feedback can be invaluable. Look for products with positive reviews focusing on efficacy, absorption rates, and side effects. This will offer insight into what you might experience when taking the supplement.
Top 10 Vitamin K2 Supplements on Amazon
1. Sports Research Vitamin K2 (MK-7)
Sports Research offers a high-quality MK-7 supplement that is non-GMO and gluten-free. Each softgel provides 100 mcg of vitamin K2, sourced from natto, a fermented soy product rich in MK-7. Users often praise this supplement for its effectiveness in promoting bone health.
User reviews highlight the quick absorption and noticeable impact on energy levels and bone density. The product is also free from artificial additives, making it an excellent choice for health-conscious consumers.
- STRONG SUPPORT FOR A STRONGER YOU: Vitamin K2 is one of the biggest supporters of bone and cardiovascular health. This micronutrient is essential in moving calcium out of your bloodstream and into your bones, helping you build bone density and cardiovascular health.*
- ONE-A-DAY FORMULA: Just one easy-to-swallow vegan softgel provides 100mcg of Vitamin K2 as Menaquinone-7 (MK7) - the most bioavailable form of K2. This micronutrient is essential in moving calcium out of your bloodstream and into your bones, providing strong support for a stronger you.
- PLANT BASED INGREDIENTS: Instead of sourcing our Vitamin K2 from soy like other brands, we source our K-2 from only fermented chickpeas and encapsulate it in our trademark, carrageenan-free PlantGel softgel. NOTE: Our K2 softgels now contain a UV-protecting color barrier to help shield the K2 from light degradation.
- COCONUT MCT OIL: K2 delivers the best benefits when taken with food or another source of fat, which is why we add the quality fats found in coconut MCT oil to our vegan softgels to help ensure you get the most from your K2 supplement. *
- SUPERIOR QUALITY: We hold all of our supplements to a higher standard. Our K2 vitamin supplement is Vegan Certified, Non-GMO Project Verified, and free of unwanted fillers, carrageenan, gluten, and soy. Each batch is third-party tested for quality and manufactured in the USA in a cGMP-compliant facility.
2. NOW Foods Vitamin K-2
NOW Foods is a well-respected brand in wellness supplements. Its Vitamin K-2 provides 100 mcg of MK-7 per softgel and is vegan-friendly. The product is also tested for purity, ensuring that consumers receive quality supplements without harmful additives.
This supplement is especially celebrated for its affordability without compromising quality. Many users report improved cardiovascular health after incorporating it into their routines.
- BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FORM*/MENAQUINONE-4: As a biologically active form of vitamin K, K-2 is important for the formation of healthy, strong bone matrix.*
- SUPPORTS BONE HEALTH AND PROPER CALCIUM METABOLISM*: Vitamin K's role in arterial health revolves around its ability to support proper calcium metabolism in vascular structures.*
- CERTIFICATIONS/CLASSIFICATIONS: Halal, Dairy Free, Egg Free, Kosher, Made in Peanut-Free Facility, Made without Gluten, Non-GMO, Nut Free, Soy free, Sugar Free, Vegan/Vegetarian
- GMP Quality Assured: NPA A-rated GMP certification means that every aspect of the NOW manufacturing process has been examined, including our laboratory/testing methods (for stability, potency, and product formulation).
- Packaged in the USA by a family owned and operated company since 1968.
3. Life Extension Vitamin K2
Life Extension’s Vitamin K2 features a potent 120 mcg of MK-7 per serving. This product also includes vitamin D3, amplifying its benefits for bone health and overall wellness. Users appreciate the convenience of a single supplement offering multiple health benefits.
Reviews indicate significant bone density improvements among users, particularly those aged 50 and above. With its high-quality formulation, this supplement is perfect for those serious about maintaining bone health.
- Encourages healthy bone structure – Vitamin K2 supports the activity of osteoblasts: specialized cells that help build your bones, and are necessary for healthy bone structure and growth.
- Promotes healthy bone mineral density – Over time, bones go through a growth phase, followed by remodeling and upkeep. But this process declines with age, impacting bone mineral density. Vitamin K2 in the right doses can help maintain healthy bone density.
- Clinically studied dose – This formula delivers 45,000 mcg (45 mg) of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-4), a clinically studied dose shown to be effective for those who need that support the most.
- ngredients matter – We use the finest raw ingredients with the quality and purity you deserve. The majority of our products are non-GMO, gluten-free and manufactured in the USA—and a Certificate of Analysis is available for every one.
- Live your healthiest life – We believe the answers to a healthier life are in reach, and that scientific research is the key to getting there. That’s why so many of our formulas feature specific ingredients and amounts based on scientific studies.
4. GNC Women’s Vitamin K2
Specifically formulated for women, GNC’s Vitamin K2 provides 120 mcg of MK-7, along with additional nutrients to support women’s health. The supplement is designed to improve bone density, a crucial aspect of health as women age.
Users appreciate the product’s focus on women’s health and report a noticeable increase in energy levels and overall wellness when incorporated into their daily routines.
- 5-IN-1 NUTRITION FOR LIFE AFTER 30: GNC Women’s 30+ Vitapak Program is ready to welcome you into a whole new decade of wellness with 5 key supplements for women over 30 in every convenient, daily vitamin packet
- TRUST 90+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN EVERY MULTIVITAMIN: Support immune health, energy production, and overall wellness with vitamins, minerals, and micronutrients in a multivitamin designed by GNC experts specifically for women 30 and over*.
- DON’T STRESS ABOUT YOUR 30s: Every daily pack includes a stress support supplement with L-theanine to support relaxation and help you stay resilient during everyday stress.
- SHOW YOUR LIVER SOME LOVE: Features milk thistle to support healthy liver function—an herb traditionally used for wellness support.
- SUPPORT STRONG BONES WITH CALCIUM & VITAMIN D-3: Calcium is essential for building strong bones and vitamin D-3 enhances calcium absorption—and they’re both a part of your Women's 30+ Vitapak Program.
5. K2+ D3 by MaryRuth Organics
This unique blend of Vitamin K2 and Vitamin D3 offers additional benefits for bone and immune health. Each serving delivers 75 mcg of K2 along with 20 mcg of D3. The organic and non-GMO formulation is especially popular among those looking for clean products.
Users rave about the noticeable improvements in their mood and energy levels, attributing it to the combination of these two essential vitamins. This supplement is also suitable for vegetarians, making it a versatile choice.
- Vitamin D3 K2 Calcium Gummies: Our delicious gummies have three flavors in one bottle: Peach, Mango & Apricot, and are made from lichen and natto. Very few foods in nature contain vitamin D and most D3 supplements are sourced from lanolin — the fat of lamb’s wool; ours is sourced from lichen.
- Joint Support Supplement: Support your bone health and joint support with these gummy vitamins! The combination of vitamins D3 and K2 can aid the body in calcium absorption, potentially offering additional support to bone health rather than over-supplementing with calcium alone.
- Calcium D3 + K2 Vitamin Supplement: K2 activates osteocalcin into a form that binds calcium to bone and may also help to maintain vascular health. One of vitamin D’s major functions is to regulate and optimize intestinal calcium absorption for the bone mineral matrix.
- Easy-to-Chew Gummies: No more hard-to-swallow pills or capsules! Ages 2 or over can take 1 gummy per day or as recommended by a physician or healthcare professional. Each bottle comes with 60 servings. Store in a cool, dry place.
- Free of Common Allergens: MaryRuth Organics K2 D3 Calcium Gummies are Non-GMO, No Gelatin, Pectin Based, Vegan, Made in a GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) Facility. Dairy Free, Nut Free, Gluten Free, Made with Organic Cane Sugar. Kid Friendly. Clean Label Project Verified. B Corp Certified.
6. Purality Health Liposomal Vitamin K2
Purality Health offers a liposomal version of vitamin K2, promoting enhanced absorption in the body. With 100 mcg of MK-7 per serving, this liquid formulation is easy to take and effective for those who struggle with swallowing pills.
Users have noticed rapid results in bone health and overall vitality, attributing this to the superior absorption of the liposomal formulation. The pleasant taste is an added bonus for many.
- New vegan formulation! Purality's vitamin D3/K2 helps build and maintain healthy bones without animal-based ingredients. It's a great option for anyone, especially vegans and vegetarians, who can't get outside very often or live in overcast climates. Lichen-sourced Vitamin D3 increases the body's ability to absorb phosphorus and calcium. Vitamin K2 helps to regulate bone density by activating proteins that increase calcium in bones. This formulation is soy-free.
- This pump is easy to use and administers a proper serving of the vitamin D3/K2 supplement blend. Mix it into your favorite smoothie, juice, or simply a glass of water! Purality's vitamin D3/K2 liquid blend is taken orally for quick absorption. The cloudy or milky appearance is a byproduct of the new lichen-derived source, and does not affect taste or quality.
- A serving size is 2mL, and there are about 30 servings per bottle. One serving a day means each bottle lasts about a month. Vitamin D and K2 work together to evenly distribute calcium to bones and stabilize levels in the blood.
- The delightful citrus flavor of this Vitamin D3 liquid supplement makes it easy to take. That way you can be sure to get your D3 every day.
- Looking for other great supplements to help bolster your health? Purality has a wide range of products ideal for filling in the gaps in your diet.
7. Thorne Research Vitamin K2
Thorne Research is known for producing high-quality supplements, and its Vitamin K2 is no exception. Each capsule delivers 100 mcg of MK-7, with no gluten or dairy, making it suitable for various dietary needs.
This product receives acclaim for its purity and effectiveness, with many users reporting positive changes in their bone health and resilience. Thorne’s commitment to quality ensures that consumers can trust what they’re putting into their bodies.
- Comprehensive Formula: Provides 3 clinically studied types of vitamin K for optimal health – vitamin K1, vitamin K2 as MK-4, and vitamin K2 as MK-7
- Bone Health: Pairs with vitamin D to contribute to bone strength and density, and with magnesium to direct calcium to the bones and away from soft tissues like blood vessels*
- Heart Health: Helps to maintain the health and elasticity of the arteries and supports the normal ability of the blood to clot*
- Third-Party Certified: This product has been third-party tested and certified to verify what's in the package matches what's on the label and to confirm it contains no unsafe levels of contaminants
- Trusted: Thorne is chosen by champions and trusted by 100+ professional sports teams, a proud partner of U.S. National Teams, and the #1 recommended clinical brand by health-care practitioners (2023 Health-Care Practitioner Seller Survey)
8. Nature Made Vitamin K2
Nature Made offers a reputable Vitamin K2 supplement with 100 mcg of MK-7 per softgel. This brand is well-known for its rigorous testing and quality assurance, making it a reliable choice for consumers.
Many users appreciate the brand’s commitment to transparency and high standards. Positive outcomes, such as improved bone density and well-being, are frequently reported among consumers.
- Bone support supplement: contains one 30 count bottle of Nature Made Vitamin K2 100 mcg Softgels for a 30-day supply
- These Nature Made Vitamin K2 softgels help support healthy bones
- This K2 Vitamin supplement also works with the calcium in your body to support healthy bones
- Adults, take one Vit K softgel daily with water and a meal
- Sourced from high-quality ingredients, these gluten free Vitamin K2 MK7 supplements contain no synthetic dyes and no artificial flavors
9. Garden of Life Vitamin K2
Garden of Life’s Vitamin K2 is 100% plant-based, making it suitable for vegans and those with dietary restrictions. Each serving contains 120 mcg of MK-7, sourced from natto. The product is also certified organic, non-GMO, and gluten-free.
This supplement is often praised for its effective formulation and impact on bone health, resonating well with consumers who are conscious about their food sources and product impact.
- VITAMIN K2: This K vitamin contains 120mcg of Vitamin K (as K1)—100 percent of the daily value—plus 100mcg Raw Vitamin K2 as MK7 and 10mcg K2 as MK4, for a healthy heart, healthy blood clotting and coagulation and bone strength*
- PROBIOTICS FOR HEALTHY DIGESTION: Our vegan vitamin K supplement includes a 500 Million CFU Raw Probiotic blend of live probiotics for digestive support, including L. bulgaricus and L. plantarum*
- OMEGA-RICH: Fat-soluble Vitamin K is delivered in a whole food base of cold pressed Omega-rich Flax Seed Oil; 23 organically grown fruits & veggies and 75 alkalizing trace minerals add supporting antioxidants, vitamins and nutrient cofactors
- VEGAN VITAMIN K: One bottle contains a 2 month supply of Vitamin K—simply take 1 Vitamin Code vitamin K capsule daily with food; capsules may also be opened and the contents mixed with water or juice
- SAY YES TO CLEAN SUPPLEMENTS: Our Whole Food D3 vitamin is Third-Party Certified Non-GMO, Gluten Free & Kosher; It's also RAW—meaning no high heat, synthetic binders, fillers, artificial flavors, sweeteners, colors or additives commonly used in tablets
10. Jarrow Formulas MK-7
Jarrow Formulas provides an impressive 100 mcg of MK-7 per softgel, utilizing high-quality natural sources. The product is free from wheat, gluten, soy, and dairy, ensuring a versatile choice for those with dietary restrictions.
Consumers appreciate the potency and effectiveness of this supplement, often reporting enhanced bone health and energy levels. The brand is well-respected in the supplement community, ensuring trust in their formulation.
- Vitamin K2 Supplement: Each serving of Jarrow Formulas MK7 provides 90 mcg of vitamin K2 per softgel providing bone support for bone health(1)
- K2 Vitamin Supplement MK-7: Those seeking to support cardiovascular health and strong bones can benefit from this vitamin K2 MK7 supplement(1)
- K2 Vitamin Supplement MK-7: Those seeking to support cardiovascular health and strong bones can benefit from this vitamin K2 MK7 supplement(1)
- MK-7 Vitamin K2: This K2 MK7 vitamin supplement does not contain gluten, wheat, soy, dairy, eggs, fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame
- Suggested Use for Bone Health: Adults and health-conscious individuals can add this bone health supplement to their daily regimen by taking 1 softgel by mouth of this Jarrow MK7 vitamin K-2 supplement per day
Conclusion
Choosing the best vitamin K2 supplement involves understanding what you need and what each product offers. From affordability to effectiveness, the above-reviewed products cater to various consumer preferences while boasting quality and reliability.
Whether you’re looking for a single-component product or a multi-nutrient formula, you can find an option among these top picks that will help support your bone and cardiovascular health in 2025. Always consult with a healthcare professional before introducing new supplements into your routine to ensure they fit within your health framework.
Last update on 2025-12-26 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API | hishecozy.com is a participant in the Amazon Associate program and will earn from qualifying purchases.
