- PCIe 4.0 Performance: Delivers up to 7,100 MB/s read and 6,000 MB/s write speeds for quicker game load times, bootups, and smooth multitasking
- Spacious 1TB SSD: Provides space for AAA games, apps, and media with standard Gen4 NVMe performance for casual gamers and home users
- Broad Compatibility: Works seamlessly with laptops, desktops, and select gaming consoles including ROG Ally X, Lenovo Legion Go, and AYANEO Kun. Also backward compatible with PCIe Gen3 systems for flexible upgrades
- Better Productivity: Up to 2x faster than previous Gen3 generation. Improve performance for real world tasks like booting Windows, starting applications like Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator, and working in applications like Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint
- Trusted Micron Quality: Built with advanced G8 NAND and thermal control for reliable Gen4 performance trusted by gamers and home users
- MEET THE NEXT GEN: Consider this a cheat code; Our Samsung 990 PRO Gen4 SSD helps you reach near max performance with lightning-fast speeds; Whether you’re a hardcore gamer or a tech guru, you’ll get power efficiency built for the final boss
- REACH THE NEXT LEVEL: Gen4 steps up with faster transfer speeds and high-performance bandwidth; With a more than 55% improvement in random performance compared to 980 PRO, it’s here for heavy computing and faster loading
- THE FASTEST SSD FROM THE WORLD'S FLASH MEMORY BRAND: The speed you need for any occasion; With read and write speeds up to 7450/6900 MB/s you’ll reach near max performance of PCIe 4.0 powering through for any use
- PLAY WITHOUT LIMITS: Give yourself some space with storage capacities from 1TB to 4TB; Sync all your saves and reign supreme in gaming, video editing, data analysis and more
- IT’S A POWER MOVE: Save the power for your performance; Get power efficiency all while experiencing up to 50% improved performance per watt over the 980 PRO; It makes every move more effective with less consumption
- PCIe 4.0 Performance: Delivers up to 7,100 MB/s read and 6,000 MB/s write speeds for quicker game load times, bootups, and smooth multitasking
- Spacious 2TB SSD: Provides space for AAA games, apps, and media with standard Gen4 NVMe performance for casual gamers and home users
- Broad Compatibility: Works seamlessly with laptops, desktops, and select gaming consoles including ROG Ally X, Lenovo Legion Go, and AYANEO Kun. Also backward compatible with PCIe Gen3 systems for flexible upgrades
- Better Productivity: Up to 2x faster than previous Gen3 generation. Improve performance for real world tasks like booting Windows, starting applications like Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator, and working in applications like Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint
- Trusted Micron Quality: Built with advanced G8 NAND and thermal control for reliable Gen4 performance trusted by gamers and home users
- PCIe 4.0 Performance: Delivers up to 6,600 MB/s read and 5,000 MB/s write speeds for quicker game load times, bootups, and smooth multitasking
- Spacious 500GB SSD: Provides space for AAA games, apps, and media with standard Gen4 NVMe performance for casual gamers and home users
- Broad Compatibility: Works seamlessly with laptops, desktops, and select gaming consoles including ROG Ally X, Lenovo Legion Go, and AYANEO Kun. Also backward compatible with PCIe Gen3 systems for flexible upgrades
- Better Productivity: Up to 2x faster than previous Gen3 generation. Improve performance for real world tasks like booting Windows, starting applications like Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator, and working in applications like Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint
- Trusted Micron Quality: Built with advanced G8 NAND and thermal control for reliable Gen4 performance trusted by gamers and home users
- MEET THE NEXT GEN: Consider this a cheat code; Our Samsung 990 PRO Gen4 SSD helps you reach near max performance* with lightning-fast speeds; Whether you’re a hardcore gamer or a tech guru, you’ll get power efficiency built for the final boss
- REACH THE NEXT LEVEL: Gen4 steps up with faster transfer speeds and high-performance bandwidth; With a more than 55% improvement in random performance compared to 980 PRO, it’s here for heavy computing and faster loading
- THE FASTEST SSD FROM THE WORLD'S #1 FLASH MEMORY BRAND**: The speed you need for any occasion; With read and write speeds up to 7450/6900 MB/s* you’ll reach near max performance of PCIe 4.0*** powering through for any use
- PLAY WITHOUT LIMITS: Give yourself some space with storage capacities from 1TB to 4TB; Sync all your saves and reign supreme in gaming, video editing, data analysis and more
- IT’S A POWER MOVE: Save the power for your performance; Get power efficiency all while experiencing up to 50% improved performance per watt over the 980 PRO****; It makes every move more effective with less consumption
- BREAKTHROUGH PCIe 5.0 PERFORMANCE: Supercharge your workflow and gaming with PCIe 5.0, boasting up to 14,700/13,400 MB/s* sequential read/write speeds. Tackle massive files and power up your gaming with Gen5—twice as fast as the 990 PRO SSD.
- EVERY TASK, TURBOCHARGED: Speed past productivity limits. With random read/write speeds up to 1,850K/2,600K IOPS*, enjoy fast game loads, seamless AI apps, and efficient multitasking. Virtually no lag, no limits—just nonstop performance.
- THINK FAST, CREATE FASTER: With random read/write speeds of up to 1,850K/2,600K IOPS*, the 9100 PRO SSD fuels seamless AI content creation, swift loads, and smooth gameplay. Work, play, and create at lightning speed.
- SPEED, WHENEVER YOU NEED: From laptops to desktop PCs, experience blazing PCIe 5.0 speeds and up to 8TB of storage. Perfect for video editing, gaming, and creative tasks, with the compatibility to match your device.
- STAY COOL, RUN FAST: Push limits, not temperatures. A 5nm controller boosts power efficiency up to 49% over the 990 PRO SSD*, while advanced thermal control keeps performance smooth and reliable.
- TRANFORM YOUR PC: Insane speeds up to 7,300MB/s (1TB - 4TB models) deliver top-tier performance with ridiculously short load times for your gaming PC or workstation — for the elite experience you’ve been waiting for.
- MORE ROOM FOR MORE GAMES: Capacities up to 8TB built with SANDISK TLC 3D NAND, means you get to keep more games at the ready — and get into the action even faster.
- HEATSINK FOR THE WIN: The WD_BLACK SN850X NVMe SSD 1TB and 2TB drives have an optional heatsink version that not only looks awesome but also helps your rig maintain peak performance through the most intense gaming sessions.
- DO MORE WITH WD_BLACK DASHBOARD: The downloadable WD_BLACK Dashboard (Windows only) monitors your drive’s health, lets you customize your RGB lighting, and, exclusively on the SN850X SSD, enables Game Mode 2.0 to transform your gaming experience.
- FUTURE FORWARD FREATURES: The WD_BLACK SN850X SSD boasts a powerful suite of features, including Predictive Loading, Overhead Balancing, and Adaptive Thermal Management (ATM).
- PCIe Gen4 Standard: The Acer Predator GM7000 M.2 NVMe SSD utilizes the PCIe Gen4 standard to deliver impressive sequential read speeds up to 7400 MB/s and write speeds up to 6700 MB/s, making it an ideal 2TB NVMe SSD for high-performance gaming PCs.
- Efficient Heat Dissipation: Acer Predator GM7000 NVMe SSD features a customized heat spreader designed to enhance heat dissipation, ensuring lower operating temperatures during heavy use for improved performance and reliability.
- Less Energy: The GM7000 SSD's advanced controller includes an integrated PMU (Power Management Unit) that optimizes energy efficiency, reducing power consumption and helping your Gaming PC run cooler, last longer, and maintain overall system health for an extended lifespan.
- Biwin Intelligence is multifunctional management software, designed to support Predator branded storage products. For a more convenient and more secure storage experience, this software helps users manage their drives with features like performance test, data migration, drive cloning, and more.
- Robust Warranty & Build: The GM7000 offers peace of mind with a 5-year limited warranty, covering up to 1300TBW. Built with 3D NAND TLC and DRAM cache, this 4TB SSD ensures reliability and endurance for intensive gaming and data processing
- HIGH-OCTANE GAMING. Experience speeds up to 7,250MB/s read and 6,900MB/s write (1-2TB models), with up to 35% faster performance than previous generation.
- PURPOSE-BUILT. Designed for serious on-the-go gamers, with a PCIe Gen4 interface and SANDISK’s next generation TLC 3D NAND.
- MORE SPACE FOR FAVORITES AND NEW TITLES. Available in multiple capacities up to 2TB, upgrade to an SSD that gives you tons of storage.
- MORE TIME TO CLEAR THAT CHECKPOINT. Built with laptops and handheld gaming devices in mind, with up to 100% more power efficiency over the previous generation.
- DO MORE WITH DASHBOARD. Ensure your drive is optimized for prime performance with the downloadable WD_BLACK Dashboard (Windows only).
- Broad Compatibility: Works with Valve Steam Deck, ASUS ROG Ally, Microsoft Surface, and select Dell laptops for easy portable upgrades
- PCIe 4.0 Performance: Delivers up to 7,100MB/s read and 6,000MB/s write speeds for quicker game load times, bootups, and smooth multitasking
- Spacious NVMe SSD: This 2TB SSD provides space for AAA games, apps, and media with compact M.2 2230 NVMe SSD form factor for casual gamers and home users
- Power-efficient Design: Engineered for low power draw to extend battery life on handheld consoles and laptops
- Trusted Micron Quality: Built with advanced G8 NAND and thermal control for reliable Gen4 performance trusted by gamers and home users
The Quest for the Best M.2 SSD for Gaming in 2024
As gamers continue to push the boundaries of performance and speed, having the best M.2 SSD for gaming has become a crucial component of modern gaming systems. With titles becoming ever more demanding, loading times and system responsiveness are paramount. An M.2 SSD can drastically reduce these times, enhancing your gaming experience. In 2024, we have evaluated the top 10 M.2 SSDs available on Amazon to help you choose the ideal storage solution for your gaming rig.
Top 10 M.2 SSDs for Gaming on Amazon
1. Samsung 970 EVO Plus 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD
The Samsung 970 EVO Plus stands tall as a cornerstone in the world of M.2 SSDs for gaming. With blazing fast read speeds of up to 3,500 MB/s and write speeds reaching 3,300 MB/s, it is engineered for high-performance tasks. This SSD utilizes Samsung’s V-NAND technology, which delivers reliable performance and longevity. Its robust thermal control features ensure that it remains cool under heavy load. The 970 EVO Plus easily manages multiple large files, making it perfect for rigorous gaming scenarios.
The SSD also supports AES 256-bit hardware encryption, providing added security for your stored data. It is compatible with a variety of systems, ensuring seamless integration into most gaming setups.
This SSD is ideal for gamers looking for speed without compromising reliability.
- READ/WRITE SPEEDS UP TO 5,000/4,200 MB/s: Load games and save files in a flash. Bring power to your productivity with read and write speeds of up to 5,000/4,200 MB/s.* The 990 EVO provides continuous speed to keep you going.
- POWER EFFICIENCY: Save the power for your performance. Get power efficiency all while experiencing up to 70% improved performance per watt over the 970 EVO Plus.* It makes every move more effective with less power consumption overall.
- SMART THERMAL CONTROL: Now you can ramp things up without overheating the system. Samsung’s fine tuned controller and heat spreading label deliver effective thermal control to avoid sudden performance drops mid project. It cools things down even when things are running high, so your hard earned checkpoints are saved.
- PCIe 5.0 INTERFACE: Optimized to support the latest technology for SSDs 990 EVO is compatible with PCIe 4.0 x4 and PCIe 5.0 x2. This means you get more bandwidth and higher data processing and performance. Overall, it does more to support smooth storage with less power consumption.
- ALWAYS UP TO DATE VIA MAGICIAN SOFTWARE: It’s not hocus pocus. Your 990 EVO SSD performs like new with the always up to date Magician Software. Stay up to speed with the latest firmware updates, extra encryption and continual monitoring of your drive health it works like a charm.
2. WD_BLACK SN850X 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD
The WD_BLACK SN850X is tailored for hardcore gamers, featuring a read speed of up to 7,300 MB/s and write speeds up to 5,300 MB/s. This SSD is built for fast-paced gaming, delivering a significant performance boost that enables quicker load times and smoother gameplay. Its bundled gaming dashboard software makes it easy to monitor the drive’s temperature and performance.
WD_BLACK has integrated a heatsink on some models, providing additional thermal management which is crucial during intense gaming sessions. Its sleek design coupled with RGB lighting options allows it to fit aesthetically within gaming rigs.
Whether you’re streaming, recording, or just gaming, the SN850X is one of the best M.2 SSDs for gamers in 2024.
- TRANFORM YOUR PC: Insane speeds up to 7,300MB/s (1TB - 4TB models) deliver top-tier performance with ridiculously short load times for your gaming PC or workstation — for the elite experience you’ve been waiting for.
- MORE ROOM FOR MORE GAMES: Capacities up to 8TB built with SANDISK TLC 3D NAND, means you get to keep more games at the ready — and get into the action even faster.
- HEATSINK FOR THE WIN: The WD_BLACK SN850X NVMe SSD 1TB and 2TB drives have an optional heatsink version that not only looks awesome but also helps your rig maintain peak performance through the most intense gaming sessions.
- DO MORE WITH WD_BLACK DASHBOARD: The downloadable WD_BLACK Dashboard (Windows only) monitors your drive’s health, lets you customize your RGB lighting, and, exclusively on the SN850X SSD, enables Game Mode 2.0 to transform your gaming experience.
- FUTURE FORWARD FREATURES: The WD_BLACK SN850X SSD boasts a powerful suite of features, including Predictive Loading, Overhead Balancing, and Adaptive Thermal Management (ATM).
3. Crucial P5 Plus 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD
Crucial’s P5 Plus offers a great balance of speed and affordability, making it a go-to choice for many gamers. With read speeds reaching up to 6,600 MB/s and write speeds of 5,000 MB/s, it competes favorably with high-end models. The P5 Plus also comes with a thermal protection feature ensuring that it maintains optimal performance under heavy loads.
This drive is perfect for gamers who want speed without breaking the bank. Its 1TB capacity provides ample space for modern game titles, which are often over 100GB each.
For users on a budget, the Crucial P5 Plus represents one of the best M.2 SSD options available.
- PCIe 4.0 Performance: Delivers up to 7,100 MB/s read and 6,000 MB/s write speeds for quicker game load times, bootups, and smooth multitasking
- Spacious 1TB SSD: Provides space for AAA games, apps, and media with standard Gen4 NVMe performance for casual gamers and home users
- Broad Compatibility: Works seamlessly with laptops, desktops, and select gaming consoles including ROG Ally X, Lenovo Legion Go, and AYANEO Kun. Also backward compatible with PCIe Gen3 systems for flexible upgrades
- Better Productivity: Up to 2x faster than previous Gen3 generation. Improve performance for real world tasks like booting Windows, starting applications like Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator, and working in applications like Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint
- Trusted Micron Quality: Built with advanced G8 NAND and thermal control for reliable Gen4 performance trusted by gamers and home users
4. Kingston Fury Renegade 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD
The Kingston Fury Renegade is built for gamers looking for high speed and high capacity. With read speeds up to 7,300 MB/s and write speeds up to 5,000 MB/s, it easily handles high-demand gaming applications and multitasking. It features an advanced thermal management system that keeps the drive cool, maintaining performance stability over long gaming sessions.
This SSD’s gaming-centric design ensures it integrates seamlessly with other components, providing an aesthetic appeal to your setup. The Kingston Fury Renegade doesn’t just deliver speed; it also offers a five-year warranty, ensuring peace of mind for users.
For competitive gaming environments, this SSD stands as one of the best M.2 options available.
- Incredible PCIe Gen 4x4 NVMe performance. Speeds up to 7300MB/s.
- Available with heatsink or low-profile heat spreader
- Slim M.2 2280 form factor
- High capacities up to 4TB
- PS5 Ready
5. Sabrent Rocket 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD
The Sabrent Rocket drives a solid performance narrative with its read speeds up to 5,000 MB/s and write speeds of 4,400 MB/s. This SSD supports the latest NVMe 1.3 protocol and M-key interface, yielding impressive improvements in gaming performance. Its high-density 3D NAND technology contributes to enhanced endurance, which is perfect for gamers who insist on longevity.
With a five-year warranty and a robust thermal management system, the Sabrent Rocket offers good value while ensuring sustainment during heavy usage. It also comes with a number of capacity options, so users can choose according to their specific storage needs.
For gamers keen on performance efficiency, the Sabrent Rocket is a reliable contender for the best M.2 SSD for gaming.
- Blazing Gen5 Speed: Up to 14GB/s: Crush load times with up to 14,000 MB/s sequential read speeds and up to 2.3M IOPS. Engineered for PCIe 5.0 systems and power users who demand the best.
- DirectStorage & Gaming Optimized: Maximize performance in next-gen games and heavy 4K+ workflows. DirectStorage support ensures ultra-fast asset streaming with no stutter.
- Cool Under Pressure: Heatsink Ready: Use your motherboard’s heatsink or pair with Sabrent’s dual heatpipe solution (sold separately) for high thermal headroom and stable performance.
- Power Efficient at Only 7W: Push performance without spiking power. Rocket 5 consumes ~7W under load, delivering over 100% efficiency gains vs typical Gen4 SSDs.
- Built for Builders: Compatible with Windows, macOS, and Linux. Fits PCIe 5.0, 4.0, and 3.0 slots. Backed by Sabrent support and includes Acronis True Image for easy migration.
6. Adata XPG GAMMIX S70 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD
Adata’s XPG GAMMIX S70 is a gaming-oriented SSD that shows impressive specifications, with read speeds of up to 7,400 MB/s and write speeds of up to 6,400 MB/s. Its PCIe Gen4 compatibility ensures that it supports the latest in gaming technology, allowing for rapid data transfer and loading times.
This drive is equipped with a robust cooling solution, ensuring that it maintains performance even under heavy stress. Not only does it excel in speed, but it also features a modern design, making it a stylish addition to RGB-enabled setups.
Gamers looking for some flair with their speed will find the Adata XPG GAMMIX S70 attractive.
- Massive Storage and Gaming Power: The ADATA GAMMIX S70 BLADE Gaming SSD is a solid state drive with high write speed and large storage capacity for all your data storage accessory needs
- Seamless System Compatibility: This backward compatible SSD is an ideal upgrade for a laptop SSD, computer internal component, and PlayStation 5
- Next-Gen Speed and Performance: Enjoy high read speed up to 7400MB/s and smooth performance powered by SLC cache technology and a powerful performance controller
- Superior Cooling and Data Protection: A high temperature resistant aluminum heatsink and E2E data protection ensure accurate data transmission and rugged reliability
- About ADATA: ADATA means number 1 in data storage; we offer premium storage capacity, high speeds, and optimized durability, all while innovating and investing in a sustainable future
7. Teamgroup T-Create Classic 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD
Teamgroup’s T-Create Classic series has emerged as a reliable contender with decent specifications, delivering read speeds of up to 3,300 MB/s and write speeds of up to 3,000 MB/s. While not the fastest on the list, its reliability and stability under load are what set it apart, offering an essential balance for gamers who execute both casual and demanding tasks.
Its simplistic design works well for those who prioritize functionality over aesthetics, and it is also compatible with a variety of systems. For gamers wanting dependable performance without the flashy distractions, the Teamgroup T-Create Classic is a commendable choice.
- Different caching grading systems offered to cover users’ needs
- Ultra-thin patented graphene heat-sink makes installations painless
- Optimized performance operation that balances reliability and lifetime
- 5-year limited warranty
- Refer to the latest version on the official website. In case of discrepancies, the official website prevails
8. Intel SSD 670p Series 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD
The Intel SSD 670p brings an impressive performance-to-value proposition. With read speeds of up to 3,500 MB/s and write speeds of 3,000 MB/s, this drive is especially well-suited for gaming and multimedia applications. The 670p employs Intel 3D NAND technology for improved performance and durability, enhancing overall user experience.
It also features multiple levels of data protection, making it a reliable choice for gamers who store valuable data across multiple titles.
For those seeking consistent performance in gaming, the Intel SSD 670p is well worth considering.
- 1B Storage Capacity
- M2. 2280 Form Factor
- PCIe NVMe 3.0 x4 Interface
- Up to 3500 MB/s Sequential Read Speeds. Up to 2500 MB/s Sequential Write Speeds. Intel QLC 3D NAND
9. Corsair MP600 1TB Gen4 PCIe M.2 SSD
The Corsair MP600 is another powerhouse equipped with PCIe Gen4 technology, enabling remarkable read speeds up to 4,950 MB/s and write speeds up to 4,250 MB/s. Gaming at high resolutions requires massive data transfer rates, and the MP600 is engineered specifically for that purpose.
The sleek design, coupled with a heatsink, ensures that the drive maintains optimal temperatures even under heavy load. This is essential for gamers who play for extended hours without sacrificing performance.
For competitive gamers looking to leverage the benefit of Gen4 speed, the Corsair MP600 is a noteworthy selection.
- PCIe 4.0 Performance: Delivers up to 7,100 MB/s read and 6,000 MB/s write speeds for quicker game load times, bootups, and smooth multitasking
- Spacious 1TB SSD: Provides space for AAA games, apps, and media with standard Gen4 NVMe performance for casual gamers and home users
- Broad Compatibility: Works seamlessly with laptops, desktops, and select gaming consoles including ROG Ally X, Lenovo Legion Go, and AYANEO Kun. Also backward compatible with PCIe Gen3 systems for flexible upgrades
- Better Productivity: Up to 2x faster than previous Gen3 generation. Improve performance for real world tasks like booting Windows, starting applications like Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator, and working in applications like Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint
- Trusted Micron Quality: Built with advanced G8 NAND and thermal control for reliable Gen4 performance trusted by gamers and home users
10. Silicon Power P34A80 1TB Gen3 M.2 SSD
As a more budget-friendly option, the Silicon Power P34A80 delivers competitive specifications with read speeds up to 2,400 MB/s and write speeds up to 1,800 MB/s. While less powerful than the other SSDs on our list, it offers an excellent entry point for gamers new to M.2 SSDs. It’s compatible with any device that supports M.2 PCIe NVMe drives.
This SSD is a practical choice for users who want to upgrade their storage without spending a fortune, making it one of the more accessible options in 2024.
- PCIe Gen 3x4 interface with read speeds up to 2,200MB/s and write speeds up to 1,600MB/s
- TBW=600
- The warranty terms on all of its SSDs are based on whether the warranty length or TBW limit occurs first.
- To support a Silicon Power PCIe SSD, the system must have an M. 2 connector with only an M key. The Silicon Power PCIe SSD does not have a b notch and therefore, the b key on the SSD connector will prevent it from being inserted
- The custom screw should come with the motherboard or PC. Please acquire the screw from your motherboard or PC Manufacturer, if needed
Buying Guide: Choosing the Best M.2 SSD for Gaming
When selecting the best M.2 SSD for gaming, several factors come into play. Here are some key considerations to help you make an informed decision:
1. Speed and Performance
The speed of an SSD is typically measured in MB/s. Look for SSDs that offer high read and write speeds, especially if you play games that require quick loading times. NVMe SSDs are generally faster than SATA SSDs, making them the preferred choice for gaming.
2. Capacity
Modern games can take up a lot of space. Aim for at least 1TB to have enough room for multiple titles and updates. If you play numerous games or have a sizable library, consider higher capacities (2TB or more).
3. Cooling Solutions
High-performance SSDs generate heat during operation. Some models come with integrated heatsinks to dissipate heat efficiently. This feature can help maintain performance during intense gaming sessions.
4. Durability and Warranty
Check the endurance rating (TBW – terabytes written) of the SSD to gauge its lifespan. A good warranty (at least three to five years) can also assure you of the product’s reliability.
5. Brand Reputation
Trustworthy brands often deliver reliable performance and support. Research customer reviews and brand credibility to ensure quality.
The Final Verdict
Choosing the best M.2 SSD for gaming in 2024 ultimately comes down to your specific gaming needs, budget, and preference. From high-end options like the WD_BLACK SN850X to budget alternatives like the Silicon Power P34A80, there is a diverse range of choices available to suit every gamer. Take your time to evaluate the various features and select the SSD that aligns with your gaming requirements and budget. A quality M.2 SSD will elevate your gaming experience, allowing you to immerse yourself fully in the virtual worlds you explore.
Last update on 2026-03-10 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API | hishecozy.com is a participant in the Amazon Associate program and will earn from qualifying purchases.
